Gingseng

            Panax ginseng is a plant that has tall shrubs between 0.1 to 0.5 meters. Usually grows in wet areas and sheltered by the mountains in China, Korea and Russia. Ginseng plants can live for 100 years.
            Big roots shaped like a doll which contains reserves of food and other active ingredients. Roots long, thin shape and sometimes like human body. Taste of Panax ginseng root first and then sweet but bitter.
            Stem is round and green colored purple. Leaves single, oval shaped, and jagged and bone pinnate leaves. Dark green leaves, each leaf stalk consists of 5 young leaves with 3 tip leaves wider / bigger than the other 2 leaves. Panax ginseng has a red fruit that is small bleak murbey fruit.
           Active substances of ginseng can help the healing process by stimulating the formation of specific antibodies. These substances also launched the formation of hormones and sperm by means dilate blood vessels in production tools men. Ginseng is not going to cause problems if taken correctly.
Chemical constituents of ginseng are:(1) Saponinsginsenoside Rc, Ra1 [7-9], Ra2 [7-9], Ra3 [10-11], RBA, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3 [10-11], Rg3 [12], notoginsenoside R4 [9], chikusetsuaponin IV, IVa
(2) Vaporizing oilpanaxynol, ginsenyne, pansinsene alpha, beta pansinsene, beta-farnesene, bicyclogermacrene, beta-elemene, gamma elemene, alpha neodovene, neodovene beta, alpha humulene, beta-humulene, caryophyllene, beta gurjunene, gurjunene alpha, alpha selinene, selinene beta, gamma selinene, selin-4, alpha guaiene, cubebene gamma, beta patchoulene, hepatadecanol-1, octanal, gamma cadinene, trans-beta-farnesene, beta guaiene, beta maaliene, cis-caryophyllene, delta elemene, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexdecan,; 2,6-ditertbutyl -4methly-phenol, heptadecane, delta cadinene, widdrol, beta bisablene, octadecane, abol, alpha elemene, tridecan, eremophifene, gam patchoulene, cedrol, gamma gurjunene, dodecane, alloaromadendrene, trans-caryophyllene, eicosane, santalene alpha, alpha muurodlene, palustalol, beta demene, santalol alpha, beta eubesmol, in-n-butyloxalate, eleutherosides.
(3) Organic acids and esterscitric acid, isocitric acid, fumaric acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, cis-butendicarboxylic acid, malic acid, pyuvic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, Panax aid, salicyclic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, triglyceride, plmitin, palmitic acid.
(4) SterolsBeta sitosterol, stigmasterol, daucosterol, sitosteryl-o-(6-O-fatty acyl)-glucpyranoside.
(5) Nitrogen compoundscholine, adenosine triphosphate, adenosine and other amino acids.
(6) VitaminsB1, B2, B12, C, nicotinic acid, folic acid, biotin
(7) enzymes
(8) Trace mineralscopper, zinc, iron, manganese and others (more Than 20).
(9) Gomisin N and gomisin A.
(10) kaempferol and pansenoside.
(11) sugarsFructose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, ginsengtrisaccharide A, B, C, D; maltol, nonacosane, methoxy-5, nephyl-2 (5H)-furanone.
Plant anatomy in general:Leaf structure:The leaves consist of:1. Epidermal    Contains fan cells and stomata are found on the 2 surface or the bottom surface only. Upper epidermis  covered by cuticle / wax to keep the evaporation that is too big. Beneath the epidermis are usually present hypodermis (derivate from epidermis).2. Mesophyll    Is the main place for photosynthesis. In most dicotyledonous leaf, mesophyll differentiated into palisade parenchyma (tissue mast) and spongy parenchyma (spongy tissue). Shaped palisade cells elongate and chloroplasts contain bnyak and arranged a meeting. While the sponge parenchyma irregularly shaped, branched, contain fewer chloroplasts and composed tenuous.3. transport network    Xylem and phloem are in leaf and has a composition of bone as in the trunk, although not as wide as that found on the trunk.
Structure of stem:Trunk consists of:1. EpidermalIt is a network of flat-shaped cells and serve to protect the network in it. The walls were thick and coated by kutin or cuticle.2. CortexLocated below the epidermis is composed of parenchyma cells which are round, thin-walled and large bervakuola. Its function is to store food reserves. In some plant species have thickened walls forming a function sklerenkima kolenkima and strengthen the stem.3. Stele (cylinder head)It is the deepest part of the stem, composed of phloem and functions to transport substances xylem.floem organikhasil photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the leaf. While xylem function to transport organic matter from AKR to the leaves.4. PithIs the inside of the trunk composed of parenchymal cells as food storage.
Root structure:Trunk consists of:1. EpidermalFlat-shaped cells and thin-walled. In the area near the root tip, cells epidherm modified into root hairs (the cuticula very thin layer)2. CortexConsist of cells arranged parenkimyang circular. Kirtex cells often contain starch and sometimes crystal. In plants usually contain sklerenkim monokotilkortex.3. EndodermisConsisting of a layer of cells thick. At the young endodermis cell wall thickening by the substance contained suberin or lignin mengelilingidinding radial.4. Cylinder head (Stele)Composed by a network of xylem and phloem-jaringanpengangkut and perisikel. Perisikel consists of parenchymal cell type that is between the endodermis and vascular tissue.
Plant physiology in general:
                 At this plant photosynthesis process occurs, because at these plants have kolofil which is a photosynthetic pigment. These photosynthetic pigments absorb red and blue light and reflects green light. Chlorophyll consists of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll b absorb sunlight photon energy and then channel it to chlorophyll a. On chlorophyll a, consisting of P700 and P680 respectively for photosystem I and photosystem II. With the existence of some carotenoids, allowing expansion of the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis and it is also partly function in fotoproteksi.                When photosystem II absorbs light, an electron excited to higher energy levels in P680 aseptor captured by the primary, and chlorophyll a shortage of electrons required. An enzyme extract electrons from water and sending it to the P680, replacing the outgoing electron chlorophyll. This reaction meguraikan into hydrogen ions and O2. Then terfotoeksitasi electron flow to photosystem I via electron transformation chain that consists of plastokinon that function as electron carriers. Once the electrons down the chain, the process of noncyclic photophosphorylation ATP income during noncyclic electron flow. When electrons arrive at P700/fotosistem I, then the next electron is passed on second electron chain, which is channeled into feredoksin. NADP reductase enzyme. At this plant photosynthesis process occurs, because at these plants have kolofil which is a photosynthetic pigment. These photosynthetic pigments absorb red and blue light and reflects green light. Chlorophyll consists of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll b absorb sunlight photon energy and then channel it to chlorophyll a. On chlorophyll a, consisting of P700 and P680 respectively for photosystem I and photosystem II. With the existence of some carotenoids, allowing expansion of the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis and it is also partly function in fotoproteksi.When photosystem II absorbs light, an electron excited to higher energy levels in P680 aseptor captured by the primary, and chlorophyll a shortage of electrons required. An enzyme extract electrons from water and sending it to the P680, replacing the outgoing electron chlorophyll. This reaction meguraikan into hydrogen ions and O2. Then terfotoeksitasi electron flow to photosystem I via electron transformation chain that consists of plastokinon that function as electron carriers. Once the electrons down the chain, the process of noncyclic photophosphorylation ATP income during noncyclic electron flow. When electrons arrive at P700/fotosistem I, then the next electron is passed on second electron chain, which is channeled into feredoksin. NADP reductase enzyme